Cloud Computing Reference Model 2025 – Complete Guide with Diagrams

Cloud usage has increased tremendously in recent years due to significant computing needs and remote data storage. Cloud computing offers the convenience of delivering computational power and data storage without requiring customers to buy a physical machine base. It providers present unique toolsets and services for each customer, leading to complexity. 

Here comes the cloud computing reference model. It provides a standardized system that enables communication between both developers and enterprise users through the common cloud terminology.

What is Cloud Computing Reference Model?

Let’s break it down in simple terms. The cloud computing reference model operates as a universal architectural plan. Cloud computing is divided into levels, representing their operational relationships. This model allows different cloud systems to integrate with each other successfully.

Any organization that uses Google Cloud, AWS, or Azure operates under a consistent structure that follows globally. Cloud computing obtains seamless data movement through a reference model that enables service compatibility between different platforms.

Also Read: Sharda iCloud: Transforming the Academic Experience at Sharda University

Cloud Computing Reference Model Layers Overview

The backbone of IT infrastructure, Cloud Computing, can be divided into the three most widely used cloud delivery models, namely IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service), PaaS (Platform as a Service), and SaaS (Software as a Service). Each delivery model provides flexibility, control, and ease of use to the cloud users.

Let’s understand each one in detail:

1. SaaS (Software as a Service)

The top-most layer of the cloud delivery model consists of SaaS, or software as a service. This is a ready-to-use software or application that can be used over the web. It enables users to access services without installing software; users just have to log in to their web browser and start using the service. We all use SaaS products in our day-to-day lives, such as Gmail, Google Docs, Microsoft 365, etc.

Key Benefits:

• Access the service directly via a web browser
• No maintenance or update required
• Easy to use
• Easy collaboration, storing, and sharing

Controls:

• Users have complete control over any cloud services.
• The service providers are responsible for the maintenance

2. PaaS (Platform as a Service)

The 2nd layer is PaaS, Platform as a Service. It is one of the best cloud reference models for developers, and it allows them to build, test, and deploy applications without having a dedicated infrastructure. The developers don’t need to worry about the server, storage, or networking. The Platform takes care of all. One of the most popular examples of this is Google App Engine.

Key Benefits:

• Ready to use the environment to develop apps and databases.
• Plenty of virtual tools for scalability and security.
• Interconnectedness between various other cloud and external platforms
• Very useful for creating workflows, APIs, and websites

Controls:

• Providers manage the complete Platform.
• Developers get control over their specific resources, like databases or middleware.
• Selective control based on what you choose to use.

3. IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service)

IaaS forms the foundation of cloud services, offering basic computing resources such as servers, storage, and networking hardware. In this layer of the cloud computing reference model, you can rent infrastructure rather than buy a physical machine. It is best for administrators and companies that require complete control over their computing environment. Some of the common IaaS examples are Amazon EC2 and Microsoft Azure’s virtual machines.

Key Benefits:

• Users have complete access to the server and storage
• Offers scalability at less cost
• Get an array of pre-installed virtual machines with operating systems
• Accessibility from anywhere and everywhere.

Controls:

• Users have control over virtual machines, databases, and networks.
• Providers control the physical hardware and data centres.

SaaS, PaaS, and IaaS form the core layers of cloud computing. They work together in a synchronized manner to deliver complete solutions for individuals and businesses. From building apps and managing data to just using software online, these models allow smarter tech choices.

Also Read: What is Cloud Web Security and Why is it Important? 

Types of Cloud Computing Reference Model

The various cloud computing reference models function to serve different user requirements. The NIST Cloud Computing Reference Model stands out as one of the crucial reference models. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) within the U.S. government established this model as a standard development tool for cloud computing.

NIST Cloud Computing Principles

• NIST developed this model to fulfil the following set of objectives:
• The Platform creates a cloud architecture that works with standards known and accepted by all vendors in the industry.
• The model supports innovation because it prevents the use of rigid and required technologies within the system.
• Self-service and elasticity, together with resource sharing, function as key features within this model structure.

NIST Cloud Service Models

The NIST framework consists of three standard service models.

• Users can access their software applications through SaaS (Software as a Service) when using the Internet.
• Users can build and maintain applications through PaaS (Platform as a Service) while the infrastructure administration stays separate from their tasks.
• Through IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service), users obtain full access to rent storage devices, networking capabilities, and server infrastructure.

NIST Cloud Deployment Models

NIST outlines four deployment models:

1. Public Cloud: Their providers offer cloud services to anyone over the Internet. These belong to companies that operate cloud service businesses.

2. The Private Cloud: This model enables an organization to consume cloud resources independently. The cloud comes under the management of either the organization that uses it or an outside entity.

3. Community Cloud: It enables groups consisting of users who need similar functions to maintain a shared cloud infrastructure. A cloud setup can belong either to a third party or to one of the organizations that use the service.

4. The Hybrid Cloud: This model delivers its infrastructure by uniting several types of public, private, and community cloud solutions. The hybrid cloud system enables data and applications to shift between separate cloud platforms.

Other Cloud Reference Models

Besides NIST, other organizations have created their own cloud computing reference models. Some examples include:

• IBM Cloud Architecture
• Oracle Cloud Architecture
• HP Cloud Architecture
• Cisco Cloud Reference Architecture
• CSA Cloud Reference Model

CSA Cloud Reference Model

The Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) developed a specific cloud reference model that places security at its core. The model spans complete infrastructure through platforms and applications, and includes an architectural framework known as the Cloud Architectural Framework.

These are the essential features of this model:

• The GRC aspect supports risk management while facilitating compliance processes.
• Cloud Security Controls serve to defuse threats against data while managing user identities and performing incident response activities.
• Organizations can safeguard sensitive information through cryptography, together with data concealment techniques.
• The protection of apps requires secure coding practices alongside routine security tests.
• Organizations need to monitor their systems while managing incidents and disaster preparedness to ensure the safe operation of their services.

OCCI Cloud Reference Model

OCCI stands for the Open Cloud Computing Interface, and it controls cloud service management operations via standardized systems. Its main parts include:

• The Cloud Service Interface comprises regulated instruments to establish, track, and control cloud services.
• The resource management system enables users to handle their compute storage along with network resources effectively.
• Service Management serves to guarantee a smooth operation throughout the service delivery cycle.
• The model gives direction to enhance security levels while maintaining regulatory compliance standards.

Major Actors of Cloud Computing Reference Model

Cloud computing consists of various key players that coordinate for smooth operations. The NIST cloud computing reference architecture lists five major actors in the reference model. These five actors help in achieving scalability and efficiency.

Let’s understand these actors in detail:

1. Cloud Consumer

It can be referred to as the group of end users who operate within the cloud environment, and may represent either a single person or a large organization. Cloud consumers choose a service from provider catalogs before creating agreements to access it.

The Service Level Agreement (SLA) serves as a document that specifies the requirements for service quality followed by consumers. Payment for the service occurs through the agreement conditions when customers acquire it.

Key responsibilities:

• Select services from the provider.
• Enter into service agreements.
• Cloud service management falls under the responsibilities of the user who requires these services.
• Make payments when needed.

2. Cloud Provider

The cloud provider delivers the actual cloud services to consumers. The provider offers customers infrastructure, together with platforms and software solutions. The provider oversees the complete delivery of these services by handling security measures, together with storage functions, networking operations, and software elements.

Cloud providers achieve internet accessibility through virtual interfaces and cloud software. They also guarantee performance and privacy through the execution of planned service levels.

Key responsibilities:

• Develop and deliver cloud services.
• Maintain security and privacy.
• Middlefield Utilities must operate their cloud services while fulfilling service-level agreements.

3. Cloud Carrier

Cloud carriers establish a connection between cloud providers and cloud consumers. They provide the transportation system and network organizations to link cloud services. Moreover, they organize computer networks alongside Internet links and technological hardware consisting of laptops and smartphones.

Cloud carriers enable users to retrieve cloud service content from any location and address. Data protection during transmission happens through secure and dedicated connections maintained by these services.

Key responsibilities:

• Internet connectivity and access technologies must be provided to cloud customers.
• Deliver cloud-based services at a minimum speed while maintaining total reliability.
• Help cloud providers execute Service Level Agreement commitments.

4. Cloud Auditor

The cloud auditor performs the Physical and logical proof of system security and operational functionality through verification checks. This task has special authority to perform autonomous assessments of cloud services. The analysis allows the examination of performance parameters together with security aspects and privacy measures, as well as term compliance verification.

The system safety and reliability testing performed by cloud auditors utilizes security controls to verify compliance with both regulations and policies.

Key responsibilities:

• Evaluate service performance and compliance.
• Security controls are evaluated by performing tests along with risk management assessments.
• Ensure legal and policy compliance.

5. Cloud Broker

Cloud brokers serve as professionals who temporarily handle cloud service delivery operations and service consumption management. This service links consumers seeking cloud services to providers and creates simpler solutions for complex cloud environments. A broker serves as an access point for consumers who need to interact with various services or providers.

Before proceeding with service delivery, brokers have three distinct responsibilities.

• Intermediation: Adds extra features like identity management or security.

• Service aggregation: Enable a single integrated package to unify several service elements.

• Metropolitan Exchange: Integrate ideal service options from different vendors according to consumer requirements.

Key responsibilities:

• Simplify service management.
• Add value through extra features.
• Users should select one or more optimal service providers from their options.

All actors who participate in the cloud computing reference model serve as essential components. These actors unite their efforts to provide dependable, secure, user-friendly cloud service operations. 

How Do Cloud Actors Interact?

The operation of cloud computing requires actors to collaborate with one or multiple other actors for service provision. Here’s how their interactions work:

1. Cloud Consumer and Cloud Broker

Users accessing cloud services do not necessarily communicate with cloud suppliers directly. Cloud consumers obtain their services using a cloud broker instead of contacting cloud providers directly. A cloud broker supports the consumer in selecting and handling their cloud services. Through service combination with different providers or service enhancement of existing offerings, the broker can create added value.

The consumer remains unaware of the true identity of the service providers. These customers interact with their broker, who manages all processes without revealing their provider information.

2. Cloud Auditor’s Interactions

Cloud auditors assume independent responsibility for conducting examinations of cloud services. The audit requires direct communication by the auditor with both parties, which comprise the cloud consumer group and the cloud provider. Auditors obtain information through their interactions to ensure both performance quality and security systems and standard compliance.

3. Cloud Provider and Cloud Carrier

Cloud carriers transmit service deliveries between cloud providers and their end consumers. The provider establishes distinct Service Level Agreements (SLAS) that connect with the cloud consumer as well as with the cloud carrier.

Through their partnership, the provider cooperates with the carrier to guarantee superior service quality measures. When needed, the provider establishes separate encrypted connections through their SLA framework. The cloud provider explicitly outlines their needs within the Service Level Agreement with the carrier to establish proper delivery of promised consumer services.

Benefits of Adopting the Cloud Computing Reference Model

The implementation of the cloud computing reference model delivers multiple advantages to users.

• Every component operates according to the same standards through standardization.

• The model enables smooth scalability because it lets you scale service dimensions according to your business expansion.

• Your organization pays only for the actual usage of services under Cost Control.

• Security measures are strengthened by defining exact responsibilities between parties.

Many industries use this model. Secure transaction systems operate through the implementation of this model by banks. The management of patient records forms the primary use of healthcare institutions through this strategy. The reference model enables tech companies to expand their web applications into various worldwide regions.

Conclusion

A structureless implementation of cloud computing leads to building without proper planning. The cloud computing reference model establishes secure and efficient working frameworks between business developers and users. This model establishes conditions for cloud environments that maintain their scalability, operational manageability, and reliability.

Your understanding and application of the cloud computing reference model will give you exceptional advantages, whether you start new or expand global systems. The cloud reference model enables all users to make better cloud decisions without requiring specialized IT knowledge.

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